He also attended classes at the Lycée Saint-Louis and lectures of Jean-Baptiste Dumas at the Sorbonne. He went back to the Parisian boarding school to prepare for the test. He passed the first set of tests, but because his ranking was low, Pasteur decided not to continue and try again next year. Later in 1842, Pasteur took the entrance test for the École Normale Supérieure. He managed to pass the baccalauréat scientifique (general science) degree from Dijon, where he earned his Bachelor of Science in Mathematics degree (Bachelier ès Sciences Mathématiques) in 1842, but with a mediocre grade in chemistry. He was appointed a tutor at the Besançon college while continuing a degree science course with special mathematics. In 1839, he entered the Collège Royal at Besançon to study philosophy and earned his Bachelor of Letters degree in 1840. In October 1838, he left for Paris to enroll in a boarding school, but became homesick and returned in November. ![]() Pasteur attended secondary school at the Collège d'Arbois. He drew many pastels and portraits of his parents, friends and neighbors. He was an average student in his early years, and not particularly academic, as his interests were fishing and sketching. ![]() The family moved to Marnoz in 1826 and then to Arbois in 1827. He was the third child of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. Louis Pasteur was born on 27 December 1822, in Dole, Jura, France, to a Catholic family of a poor tanner. Portraits of Pasteur's parents, painted by himself The house in which Pasteur was born, Dole Historical reassessment of his notebook revealed that he practiced deception to overcome his rivals. Although Pasteur made groundbreaking experiments, his reputation became associated with various controversies. He was the director of the Pasteur Institute, established in 1887, until his death, and his body was interred in a vault beneath the institute. This work had a profound effect on structural chemistry, with eventual implications for many areas including medicinal chemistry. Early in his career, his investigation of sodium ammonium tartrate initiated the field of optical isomerism. ![]() Pasteur also made significant discoveries in chemistry, most notably on the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals and racemization. He is best known to the general public for his invention of the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called pasteurization. His many experiments showed that diseases could be prevented by killing or stopping germs, thereby directly supporting the germ theory and its application in clinical medicine. ![]() Pasteur is also regarded as one of the fathers of germ theory of diseases, which was a minor medical concept at the time. For this experiment, the academy awarded him the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2,500 francs in 1862. Under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences, his experiment demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks, nothing ever developed conversely, in sterilized but open flasks, microorganisms could grow. Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern bacteriology and has been honored as the "father of bacteriology" and the "father of microbiology" (together with Robert Koch the latter epithet also attributed to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek). Pasteur's works are credited with saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine. Louis Pasteur ForMemRS ( / ˈ l uː i p æ ˈ s t ɜːr/, French: 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
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